Mañana, JUEVES, 24 DE ABRIL, el sistema se apagará debido a tareas habituales de mantenimiento a partir de las 9 de la mañana. Lamentamos las molestias.
Ionization fraction and the enhanced sulfur chemistry in Barnard 1
Entity
UAM. Departamento de Química Física AplicadaPublisher
EDP SciencesDate
2016-05-07Citation
10.1051/0004-6361/201628285
Astronomy & Astrophysics 593 (2016): A94
ISSN
0004-6361 (print); 1432-0746 (online)DOI
10.1051/0004-6361/201628285Funded by
We thank the Spanish MINECO for funding support from grants CSD2009-00038, FIS2012-32096, FIS2014-52172-C2 AYA2012-32032, and ERC under ERC-2013-SyG, G. A. 610256 NANOCOSMOSProject
Gobierno de España. CSD2009-00038; Gobierno de España. FIS2012-32096; Gobierno de España. AYA2012-32032; Gobierno de España. FIS2014-52172-C2; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/610256; info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/328902Editor's Version
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628285Subjects
Astrochemistry; Stars: Formation; ISM: molecules; ISM: individual objects: Barnard 1; ISM: abundances; QuímicaNote
Astronomy & Astrophysics 593 (2016): A94 reproduced with permission from Astronomy & AstrophysicsRights
© 2016 ESOAbstract
Context. Barnard B1b has been revealed as one of the most interesting globules from the chemical and dynamical point of view. It presents a rich molecular chemistry characterized by large bundances of deuterated and complex molecules. Furthermore, this globule hosts an extremely young Class 0 object and one candidate for the first hydrostatic core (FHSC) proving the youth of this star-forming region. Aims. Our aim is to determine the cosmic ray ionization rate, ζH2, and the depletion factors in this extremely young star-forming region. These parameters determine the dynamical evolution of the core. Methods. We carried out a spectral survey toward Barnard 1b as part of the IRAM large program "IRAM Chemical survey of sun-like star-forming regions" (ASAI) using the IRAM 30-m telescope at Pico Veleta (Spain). This provided a very complete inventory of neutral and ionic C-, N-, and S-bearing species with, from our knowledge, the first secure detections of the deuterated ions DCS+ and DOCO+. We use a state-of-the-art pseudo-time-dependent gas-phase chemical model that includes the ortho and para forms of H2, H, D, H, H2D+, D2H+, D2, and D to determine the local value of the cosmic ray ionization rate and the depletion factors. Results. Our model assumes n(H2) = 105 cm-3 and Tk = 12 K, as derived from our previous works. The observational data are well fitted with ζH2 between 3 × 10-17 s-1 and 10-16 s-1 and the elemental abundances O/H = 3 × 10-5, N/H = 6.4-8 × 10-5, C/H = 1.7 × 10-5, and S/H between 6.0 × 10-7 and 1.0 × 10-6. The large number of neutral/protonated species detected allows us to derive the elemental abundances and cosmic ray ionization rate simultaneously. Elemental depletions are estimated to be ~10 for C and O, ~1 for N, and ~25 for S. Conclusions. Barnard B1b presents similar depletions of C and O as those measured in prestellar cores. The depletion of sulfur is higher than that of C and O, but not as extreme as in cold cores. In fact, it is similar to the values found in some bipolar outflows, hot cores, and photon-dominated regions. Several scenarios are discussed to account for these peculiar abundances. We propose that it is the consequence of the initial conditions (important outflows and enhanced UV fields in the surroundings) and a rapid collapse (~0.1 Myr) that allows most S-and N-bearing species to remain in the gas phase to great optical depths. The interaction of the compact outflow associated with B1b-S with the surrounding material could enhance the abundances of S-bearing molecules, as well
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Google Scholar:Fuente, A.
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Cernicharo, J.
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Roueff, E.
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Gerin, M.
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Pety, J.
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Marcelino, N.
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Bachiller, R.
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Lefloch, B.
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Roncero, O.
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Aguado Gómez, Alfredo
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