Artículos

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The influence of air pollution on gestational age at delivery andbirthweight in patients with or without respiratory allergy: A nested case–control study
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2023-08-21) Bartha, Irene; Fuente, Miguel de la; Martínez Sánchez, Nuria; Calle Fernández-Miranda, María de la; Martín Boado, Elena; Bartha Rasero, José Luis; Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología; Facultad de Medicina
Introduction Air pollution is a current major health issue. The burden of airborne pollutants and aeroallergen levels varies throughout the year, as well as their interaction and consequences. Prenatal exposure during pregnancy has been associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of air pollutants on perinatal outcomes in patients with or without respiratory allergy. Material and methods Nested case–control retrospective study on 3006 pregnant women. Correlations between concentrations of common pollutants in each trimester of pregnancy and on average during the whole pregnancy and both gestational age at delivery and birthweight were studied. Pearson's correlation coefficient and binary logistic regression were used. Results In general, pollutants correlated more strongly with birthweight than with gestational age at delivery. Nine-month NO2, SO2, CO, and benzene, and second-trimester CO negatively correlated with birthweight, whereas only first-trimester NO2 showed a very mild correlation with gestational age at delivery. Negative correlations between pollutants and birthweight were much stronger in the respiratory allergy group (n = 43; 1.4%) than in the non-allergic group. After adjustments, the most significant predictive pollutant of birthweight was SO2 in both groups. The best predictive model was much stronger in the allergic group for third-trimester SO2 (R2 = 0.12, p = 0.02) than in the non-allergic group for total SO2 (R2 = 0.002, p = 0.02). For each unit that SO2 increased, birthweight reduced by 3.22% vs. 1.28% in each group, respectively. Conclusions Air pollutant concentrations, especially SO2, negatively influenced birthweight. The impact of this association was much stronger and more relevant in the group of women with respiratory allergies
Effect of dynamic hyperinflation on cardiac response to exercise of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(Elsevier, 2020-10-03) Galera, Raúl; Casitas, Raquel; Martínez Cerón, Elisabet; Rodríguez Fraga, Olaia; Utrilla Contreras, Cristina; Torres, Isabel; Cubillos Zapata, Carolina; García Rio, Francisco; Gobierno de España; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Departamento de Medicina; Facultad de Medicina
Introduction Although the major limitation to exercise performance in patients with COPD is dynamic hyperinflation (DH), little is known about its relation with cardiac response to exercise. Our objectives were to compare the exercise response of stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) between COPD patients with or without DH and control subjects, and to assess the main determinants. Methods Fifty-seven stable COPD patients without cardiac comorbidity and 25 healthy subjects were recruited. Clinical evaluation, baseline function tests, computed tomography and echocardiography were conducted in all subjects. Patients performed consecutive incremental exercise tests with measurement of operating lung volumes and non-invasive measurement of SV, CO and oxygen uptake (VO2) by an inert gas rebreathing method. Biomarkers of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, tissue damage/repair, cardiac involvement and airway inflammation were measured. Results COPD patients showed a lower SV/VO2 slope than control subjects, while CO response was compensated by a higher heart rate increase. COPD patients with DH experienced a reduction of SV/VO2 and CO/VO2 compared to those without DH. In COPD patients, the end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) increase was related to SV/VO2 and CO/VO2 slopes, and it was the only independent predictor of cardiac response to exercise. However, in the regression models without EELV, plasma IL-1β and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T were also retained as independent predictors of SV/VO2 slope. Conclusion Dynamic hyperinflation decreases the cardiac response to exercise of COPD patients. This effect is related to systemic inflammation and myocardial stress but not with left ventricle diastolic dysfunction
Indefensión por incorrecta dirección en la notificación imputable a un error del juzgado al confundir el código postal
(Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2024) Nogueira Guastavino, Magdalena; Facultad de Derecho; Departamento de Derecho Privado, Social y Económico
Para la efectividad del derecho de defensa es necesario que la parte tenga conocimiento del litigio y que el juzgado evite la indefensión en las comunicaciones. Es una circunstancia esencial de la comunicación que figure la dirección correcta de quien se pretende notificar y si esta se formuló incorrectamente por error del Juzgado, debe declararse la nulidad de actuaciones desde la situación al juicio para que la parte pueda presentarse
Evaluating Earth Construction Techniques on Ancient Architecture: An Exploratory Use of Empirical Field Tests in West Asia (Tell Zurghul/Nigin)
(MDPI, 2025-11-15) Vito, Licia de; Volpi, Luca; Departamento de Historia Antigua, Medieval, Paleografía y Diplomática; Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
The research empirically evaluates ancient earth construction techniques through the analysis of archaeological adobe samples from Tell Zurghul/Nigin, south-eastern Iraq, dating from the mid-5th to mid-3rd millennium BCE. Simple, non-standardised empirical field tests were employed to obtain preliminary material characterisations, valuable for pilot assessments and gaining further significance when compared with quantitative analytical results. Their application evaluates the functionality of these tests while integrating archaeological insights with material science, underscoring the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in earthen heritage conservation. Sixteen samples—fifteen archaeological and one modern—were analysed to assess raw material composition, grain size, clay behaviour, organic content, cohesion in wet and dry states, and surface adhesion. Results demonstrate notable homogeneity in material composition across the time span, primarily fine sands with minimal clay or silt. This suggests favourable drainage, minimal shrinkage, and reduced cracking but limited cohesion, implying a potential need for stabilisers such as plastic clays or fibres in construction. These findings inform conservative strategies for the preservation and restoration of earthen structures at the site
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI) among caregivers of individuals with an eating disorder
(Springer, 2020-04) Sepúlveda García, Ana Rosa; Almendros Rodríguez, Carmen; Berbel Serrano, Enrique; Andrés, Patricia; Parks, Melissa; Graell Berna, Montserrat; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud; Facultad de Psicología
Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI-S), which is designed to assess the caregiver’s appraisal of the impact of caring for a relative with a serious mental illness. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 320 caregivers of a relative with an eating disorder to examine: (a) descriptive statistics; (b) internal consistency reliability; (c) the fit of the original ten-factor structure of the ECI through exploratory factor analysis, using a semi-confirmatory approach, for each subscale individually, and (d) concurrent validity. A total of 307 caregivers completed the scale. Results: Reliability of the ECI subscales scores was acceptable (α = 0.63–0.89). Results replicated the original ten-factor structure of the instrument. The concurrent validity was supported by correlations of the ECI-negative subscale with psychological distress (GHQ-12, 0.43), and with depression and anxiety (HADS, 0.48 and 0.49, respectively). Conclusions: The Spanish version of the ECI (ECI-S) demonstrated good psychometric properties in terms of validity and reliability that were similar to the original version. It is an acceptable and valid instrument for assessing the impact on family members of caring for a relative with an eating disorder and can be recommended for use in clinical settings in Spain
Dendrimer-based DNA biosensor for HIV virus detection
(Elsevier, 2025-09-26) Enebral Romero, Estefanía; Toldos Torres, Marta; López-Diego, David; Luna, Mónica; Failde, Marta; González Tobío, Brais; Zamora Abanades, Félix Juan; Falces-Romero, Iker; Montes Ramírez, María Luisa; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental; Departamento de Biología Molecular; Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Facultad de Ciencias
In this work, we propose an innovative electrochemical DNA biosensor for the early, rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) based on its genetic code. This platform is based on the integration of few-layer bismuthene (FLB) which provides a nanostructured surface and facilitates the anchoring of the DNA dendrimer which incorporates the biorecognition element (a capture probe complementary to the HIV-specific DNA sequence). The hybridization between the capture probe and the specific HIV target sequence is detected using Azure A (AA) as a redox indicator. The dendrimer-based DNA biosensor selectively detects HIV from 10.0 fM to 10.0 pM, exhibit a low detection limit of 3.03 fM and a 60-day stability, and has been validated using plasma samples from infected patients with varying viral loads
Exigencia de periodo de consultas con los representantes de los trabajadores en caso de extinciones de contrato causadas por la jubilación del empresario persona física
(Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2024) Nogueira Guastavino, Magdalena; Facultad de Derecho; Departamento de Derecho Privado, Social y Económico
Cuando la jubilación del empresario persona física provoca la extinción de un número de trabajadores que supera el umbral establecido en la Directiva 98/59/CE, se debe proceder a la información y consulta de los representantes de los trabajadores regulada en dicha norma pues, con independencia de que no sean extinciones por voluntad del empresario, son extinciones no queridas por el trabajador y deben ser calificadas de despido en el sentido de esta Directiva
Registro de jornada y alcance del derecho de información de los representantes de los trabajadores en relación con los datos personales de identificación de las personas trabajadoras
(Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2024) Nogueira Guastavino, Magdalena; Facultad de Derecho; Departamento de Derecho Privado, Social y Económico
Para el correcto cumplimiento de la función constitucional de las organizaciones sindicales, el empleador debe ceder los datos relativos a la identificación (nombre y apellidos), la provincia y la población de los trabajadores a los que se refiere el registro de jornada. Para la transmisión de dichos datos no es preciso el consentimiento de los afectados al tratarse de una cesión autorizada por la ley
Attosecond metrology of the two-dimensional charge distribution in molecules
(Nature Research, 2024-02-23) Loriot, V.; Boyer, A.; Nandi, S.; González-Collado, C. M.; Plésiat, E.; Marciniak, A.; García, C.L.; Hu, Y.; Lara-Astiaso, M.; Palacios Cañas, Alicia; Decleva, P.; Martín García, Fernando; Lépine, F.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Comunidad de Madrid; Física Atómica y Molecular de Sistemas no Ligados (EXP C-052); Ab Initio Simulations of Electron-Nuclear Dynamics: from Atoms to Surfaces; Facultad de Ciencias; Departamento de Química
Photoionization as a half-scattering process is not instantaneous. Usually, time delays in photoionization are on the order of tens of attoseconds. In going from a single atom to a nano-object, one can expect the delay to increase, since the photoelectron scatters over a larger distance. Here we show that this intuition is not correct when comparing three-dimensional and planar molecules. Using attosecond interferometry, we find that the time delays in two-dimensional (2D) carbon-based molecules can be significantly shorter than those of three-dimensional counterparts. The measured time delay carries the signature of the spatial distribution of the 2D hole created in the residual molecular cation, allowing us to obtain its dimensions with angstrom accuracy. Our results demonstrate that the photoionization delay depends on the symmetry and shape of the created hole, as we show by identifying a quadrupole contribution in the measured delay of 2D molecules
Constructing qubit edge states by inverse-designing the electromagnetic environment
(ACS, 2025-09-25) Miguel-Torcal, Alberto; Allard, Thomas François; Arroyo Huidobro, Paloma; García Vidal, Francisco José; Fernández Domínguez, Antonio Isaac; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada; Facultad de Ciencias
Building on advances in topological photonics and computational optimization, we inverse-design a periodic dielectric structure surrounding a chain of interacting qubits, emulating an extended, dimerized Su−Schrieffer−Heeger excitonic model. Our approach enables precise control over photon-mediated interactions, allowing us to explore the emergence of topological edge states in the qubit chain. By systematically tuning structural parameters to address both coherent evolution and dissipative effects, we demonstrate that edge states remain robust and isolated from the bulk, even in the presence of long-range coupling and disorder, and preserve key topological properties despite deviations from complete chiral symmetry preservation. This work highlights the potential of inverse design in stabilizing topological excitonic states, opening new possibilities for advanced quantum technologies
Relationship between heart rate variability and inflammation induced by physical exercise in a sedentary healthy population
(Frontiers, 2025-11-07) Ramiro Cortijo, David; Ruvira, Santiago; Alonso de Celada, Ricardo; Muñoz-Gómez, Elena; Cañas Rodríguez, Silvia; Magalhães, José; Arribas Rodríguez, Silvia Magdalena; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Fisiología; Facultad de Medicina; Departamento de Química Agrícola y Bromatología; Facultad de Ciencias
Heart rate variability (HRV) evaluates autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and in disease conditions a reduction in HRV is associated with inflammation. We hypothesized an association between HRV and physical exercise-induced inflammation in healthy conditions. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between HRV and plasma cytokines before and after exercise, assessing the influence of sex. Sedentary young subjects (22 females, 16 males) underwent HRV evaluation through a chest band, at rest and 15 min and 48 h after a step-exercise performed until exertion, assessing R-R interval, RMSSD, low, high frequencies (LF, HF) and total power (TP). Capillary blood was obtained before and post-exercise (2 h and 48 h), assessing plasma IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, TNFα, IL-1ra and IL-10 with multiplex ELISA. Linear regression (LRM) and additive models (GAM) were used to evaluate associations. Exercise induced LF/HF elevation (sympathetic dominance) and HF/TP reduction (parasympathetic suppression) at 15 min post-exercise, and a rise in IL-6 and IL-10 at 2 h, higher in males than in females. All measurements were normalized by 48 h. At rest, LF/HF correlated positively with IL-1β, whereas HF/TP correlated negatively with IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-1ra; these associations persisted 15 min postexercise, with an additional negative correlation between HF/TP and IL-12. LRM indicated a trend for an inverse relationship between HF/TP at rest and IL-1α at 2 h, and GAM revealed a nonlinear association between LF/HF at rest and IL-1β at 2 h. At 15 min post-exercise, LF/HF further associated with IL-1β and IL-12. These findings suggest that greater parasympathetic activation at rest and postexercise may be linked to lower exercise-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further research in other cohorts is warranted to confirm the capacity of HRV as indicator of inflammation in sport
Castigo laboral "versus" crimen empresarial. Control empresarial de dispositivos electrónicos para uso laboral y su repercusión en los delitos contra la intimidad
(Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado, 2024) Nogueira Guastavino, Magdalena; Facultad de Derecho; Departamento de Derecho Privado, Social y Económico
No se incurre en delito de descubrimiento y revelación de secretos por parte del empresario que accede a los correos electrónicos (incluso personales) de los trabajadores cuando han sido debidamente informados del exclusivo uso profesional de los correos en reiteradas ocasiones y el acceso se produce de modo casual al realizar una copia de seguridad del servidor de correo electrónico corporativo de la empresa, propiciada por un problema en su funcionamiento motivado por el hecho de que el buzón del citado correo estaba lleno
What Do Student-Teachers Think About The Integration of Research Into Teacher Education Programs?
(James Nicholas Publishers, 2022-07-01) Perines, Haylen; Hidalgo Farrán, Nina; Departamento de Pedagogía; Facultad de Formación de Profesorado y Educación
This research reports on some results of the Initiation FONDECYT Project “Presence and importance of integrating research in teaching education and how it is perceived by students and lecturers”. It aims at identifying student-teachers’ perceptions about intent to research, research activities conducted by student-teachers as part of their initial training, and research context. This descriptive ex post facto study explores the perceptions of 634 undergraduate students of teaching programs at the University of La Serena (Chile). A survey was administered to measure student-teachers’ perceptions. The findings show that intent to research has the highest scores, whilst research activities have the lowest ones. Therefore, one of the conclusions is that student-teachers have positive evaluations of the importance of educational research for their training. Another conclusion is that the existence of a positive research culture within universities that supports all the individuals involved is a crucial element to strengthen the link between student-teachers and educational research
A heat equation with memory: Large-time behavior
(Elsevier, 2021-06-30) Cortázar, Carmen; Quirós Gracián, Fernando; Wolanski, Noemí; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; European Commission; Facultad de Ciencias; Departamento de Matemáticas
We study the large-time behavior in all Lp norms of solutions to a heat equation with a Caputo α-time derivative posed in RN (0 <α <1). These are known as subdiffusion equations. The initial data are assumed to be integrable, and, when required, to be also in Lp. We find that the decay rate in all Lp norms, 1 ≤p ≤∞, depends greatly on the space-time scale under consideration. This result explains in particular the so called “critical dimension phenomenon” (cf. [21]). Moreover, we find the final profiles (that strongly depend on the scale). The most striking result states that in compact sets the final profile (in all Lp norms) is a multiple of the Newtonian potential of the initial datum
A review on oriented fall structures (Earthquake Archaeological Effect, EAE) induced by instrumental earthquakes
(2013-12-01) Giner Robles, Jorge Luis; Pérez-López, R.; Rodríguez-Pascua, M.A.; Silva, P.G; Martín-González, F.; Rodríguez-Escudero, E.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Departamento de Geología y Geoquímica; Facultad de Ciencias
Oriented fallen structures (e.g. columns, obelisks) at archaeological sites have been used as an indicator of seismic damage. However, their interpretation is controversial, especially in relation to the influence of the intrinsic features of the structures on the recorded damage (e.g. orientation, construction quality, conservation). In this paper we analyze oriented fallen structures associated with three instrumental seismic series, with intensities ≥ VII EMS: Lorca earthquake, Spain (05/11/ 2011); Christchurch seismic sequences, New Zealand (09/04/2010 and 02/22/2011) and Emilia Romagna Earthquakes, Italy (05/20/2012 and 05/29/2012). Quantitative data obtained in this study reveal the consistency of the orientations of the collapsed structures in relation to the epicenter locations, regardless of their age, type and conservation degree. Seismic shocks related to near-field earthquakes seem to produce falls with consistent orientations in relation with dominant directionality of ground motion. Nonetheless, in the case of archaeological sites other possible causes have to be considered to assess the possible seismic origin of the damaged structures
Large-time behavior for a fully nonlocal heat equation
(Springer, 2020-11-13) Cortázar, Carmen; Quirós Gracián, Fernando; Wolanski, Noemí; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; European Commission; Facultad de Ciencias; Departamento de Matemáticas
We study the large-time behavior in all Lp norms and in different space-time scales of solutions to a nonlocal heat equation in RN involving a Caputo α-time derivative and a power of the Laplacian (− )s, s ∈ (0,1), extending recent results by the authors for the case s = 1. The initial data are assumed to be integrable, and, when required, to be also in Lp. The main novelty with respect to the case s = 1 comes from the behaviour in fast scales, for which, thanks to the fat tails of the fundamental solution of the equation, we are able to give results that are not available neither for the case s = 1 nor, to our knowledge, for the standard heat equation, s = 1, α = 1
Exposure to low-dose CuO nanoparticles improves fear extinction memory and enhance intrinsic excitability in the infralimbic cortex of male mice
(Elsevier, 2025-09-22) Rahma Ammar; Maglio, Laura E.; Naffeti, Mariem; Aguado Ballano, María Covadonga; Callejo Móstoles, Marta; Chtourou, Yassine; Fetou, Hamadi; Fernández de Sevilla García, David; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia; Facultad de Medicina
Aims: Nanomaterials have gained considerable attention for diverse medical applications, particularly in neurology. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) exhibit unique nanoscale properties that enable close interactions with neuronal cells, highlighting their potential as therapeutic agents for modulating synaptic plasticity and improving cognitive function. We aimed to investigate whether low-dose CuO-NPs can enhance fear extinction memory and increase intrinsic excitability in the infralimbic cortex (IL) of male mice. Materials and methods: Adult male mice were subjected to fear conditioning using auditory cues paired with footshocks. Following the administration of a low dose of CuO-NPs, behavioral performance was assessed by measuring freezing responses during extinction. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were then performed on IL pyramidal neurons to evaluate intrinsic excitability and AMPA/NMDA ratio. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied after 2 and 24 h to assess the ability of CuO-NPs to reach the brain. Key findings: We demonstrated via TEM that CuO-NPs efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier within 24 h’ post- administration. Using cued fear conditioning, we subsequently found that a single intraperitoneal injection of CuO-NPs enhanced fear extinction memory, as evidenced by a significant reduction in freezing behavior compared to control animals. Patch-clamp analysis confirmed that CuO-NPs increased the excitability of IL pyramidal neurons and induced a sustained reduction in fast, medium, and slow post-spike after hyperpolarizations. Additionally, we demonstrated that CuO-NPs increased N-methylD-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic currents, suggesting an enhanced synaptic plasticity in the infralimbic cortex. Significance: Our findings offer new insights into the potential use of CuO-NPs for modulating fear extinction memory
Ley 4/2023, de 28 de febrero, para la igualdad efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI, a debate: ¿Qué aporta, ¿qué cambia, ¿qué regula y qué protege? Sus luces, sus sombras
(Ministerio de Justicia, 2024-08-26) Benavente Moreda, Pilar; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Facultad de Derecho; Departamento de Derecho Privado, Social y Económico
Este trabajo analiza los aspectos más relevantes introducidos por la Ley 4/2023, de 28 de febrero, para la igualdad real y efectiva de las personas trans y para la garantía de los derechos de las personas LGTBI. Constituyen sus señas de identidad la despatologización de la transexualidad, la autodeterminación del género dentro del binarismo (masculino/femenino), el reconocimiento del derecho al cambio de sexo de las personas menores de edad, así como la protección de los derechos de las personas intersexuales y la prohibición de las terapias de conversión. Se analizan igualmente los efectos de la ley en materia de filiación
The Role of Optical Centers in Neodymium-Doped Calcium Fluoride: Optical Tagging and Nanothermometry in the Second Biological Window
(Wiley, 2025-09-26) Camarero, Pablo; López-Méndez, Rosalía; Lecumberri Díez, Diego; Haro González, Patricia; Cantelar Alcaide, Eugenio Francisco; Quintanilla Morales, Marta; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Departamento de Física de Materiales; Facultad de Ciencias
Nd3+ has been proposed for nanothermometry in biological media, as both its emission and excitation wavelengths fall within the regions of low attenuation in tissues. While most crystal hosts only allow for thermometry through the low-intensity emission near 900 nm, CaF2 enables intraband thermometry at the highest intensity emission band, ≈1042 nm. The incorporation of Y3+ ions into CaF2:Nd3+,Y3+ nanoparticles enhances the emission intensity of Nd3+. However, this also induces significant modifications in the spectral lineshape, which are detrimental to thermometry, as the required peaks needed to define a reliable thermometric ratio are eliminated at [Y3+] > 10 mol%. In this study, we demostrate that this limitation depends on the excitation wavelength, as three different optical centers can be selectively activated by tuning it within a narrow range (<6 nm), with profound implications for the emission spectra. The fact that optical centers can be differentiated in nanoparticles even at room temperature can be exploited to recover the thermometric ability even with high [Y3+] concentrations, thus providing nanothermometers with potentially better signal-to-noise ratios.
Strong electron-electron-nuclei correlations in two-photon double ionization of H2
(American Physical Society, 2024-09-17) Arteaga, Kilian; Feist, Johannes Maximilian; Jelovina, Denis; Martín García, Fernando; Palacios Cañas, Alicia; Agencia Estatal de Investigación; Comunidad de Madrid; Gobierno de España; Departamento de Química; Facultad de Ciencias; Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada
Two-photon double ionization is a paradigmatic example of how electron correlation manifests. In molecular targets, its coupling with the slower nuclear motion introduces an additional complication and induces electron-electron-nuclei correlations. Experimentally, momentum-coincident measurements can provide a complete kinematical image of the molecular full Coulomb breakup. Previous theoretical studies have described this process by ignoring nuclear motion and the subsequent Coulomb explosion of the dication. Here we show, by means of a full-dimensional treatment of two-photon double ionization of the H2 molecule, that nuclear motion plays a decisive role even for pulses as short as 1.5 fs, a time during which the nuclei are not expected to move significantly. We find strong correlations between nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom, giving access to different electronic processes as a function of nuclear kinetic energy. In particular, we observe unexpectedly strong back-to-back asymmetry in the photoelectron angular distributions, as well as novel interferences resulting from the coherent contributions from two-photon sequential absorption paths via different molecular cationic states

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